AI CubeSat headed to Van Allen Belts on Vega-C

A CubeSat made from three standardised 10-cm boxes, Trisat-R is Slovenia’s second space mission, following the original remote-sensing Trisat, which flew aboard Vega into a 530 km low-Earth orbit in September 2019. Like its predecessor, Trisat-R has been developed by the University of Maribor in Slovenia with SkyLabs.

“ESA has supported the manufacturing, assembly and testing of Trisat-R through the ‘Fly’ element of our General Support Technology Programmme, which opens up in-orbit demonstration opportunities for European companies,” comments Kenza Benamar of ESA’s  GSTP Office.

“In the case of Trisat-R this includes the solar panels from DHV, antennas and CubeSat deployer from ISISpace, and the satellite structure from RIEDL AeroSpace, as well as the main NANOsky platform from SkyLabs. The idea behind the Fly element is that the best way to prove the technology is ready for space is to actually test it there for real.”

Vega-C is Europe’s new launch vehicle, due to lift off on 13 July from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana. Its main payload is Italy’s mirrored satellite LARES-2, whose orbit will be tracked by laser to look for subtle distortions in space-time caused by Earth’s own mass.

Also aboard are six CubeSats: AstroBio CubeSat (Italy) investigating biomolecule-detection; Greencube (Italy) growing plants in microgravity; ALPHA (Italy) aims to help understand phenomena related to Earth’s auroras; MTCube-2 (France) and Celesta (France), both studying the effects on radiation on electronic systems and finally the ESA-backed Trisat-R (Slovenia). All three of these latter CubeSats are headed into medium-Earth orbit.

“Thanks to the opportunity ESA made available for us to fly on Vega-C, Trisat-R will be flying at more than ten times the orbital altitude of the original Trisat,” explains Trisat-R project manager Iztok Kramberger of the University of Maribor. 

“So the mission payloads are focused on investigating the peculiarities of this largely unexplored environment, which is at the heart of the ionosphere – an outer, electrically active, layer of Earth’s atmosphere – as well as the inner Van Allen radiation belt.”

It was radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi who helped prove the existence of the ionosphere.

Back in 1901 he managed to transmit radio signals across the Atlantic Ocean, previously thought impossible due to Earth’s curvature. This was enabled by the signals reflecting off the ionosphere.

Today this layer is a major influence on an everyday technology we all rely on: ‘scintillations’ as signals pass through the ionosphere are a leading error source for satellite navigation.

“Trisat-R’s NANOhpm experiment will probe this phenomenon by performing satnav fixes in the midst of the ionosphere,” explains Tomaž Rotovnik, CEO of SkyLabs. “Using a pre-trained AI neural network it will attempt to identify and compensate for scintillation effects. Another experiment will assess the performance of software-defined radio within this challenging environment.”

Meanwhile Trisat-R’s orbit will also take it through part of the Van Allen belts – regions of charged particles trapped in place within Earth’s magnetic field, their existence unknown until the start of the Space Age. Additional payloads aboard the miniature mission will be performing a radiation census of this segment of space.

CERN has contributed its Space RadMon radiation monitor – developed from technology used to measure the Large Hadron Collider's surroundings – while ESA is flying its CHIMERA board, the latest in a family of payloads testing the susceptibility of commercial computer memories to space radiation. SkyLabs’ monitor will assess the cumulative damage done – known as ‘Total Ionising Dose’.

“While this altitude is incredibly harsh in terms of radiation, it offers potential advantages in terms of its orbital and thermal stability – with the satellite staying in sunlight most of the time,” says ESA system engineer Johan Vennekens.

“So we’ll see whether Trisat-R can stay operating without disruption, including its onboard AI. To help protect it the mission has an additional 7 mm of aluminium shielding around most of its electronics – and we want to know if that is sufficient.”

SkyLabs’ participation in the mission has already opened doors for the Slovenian space company, including becoming part of a consortium developing a new space weather constellation.

Kenza adds: “ESA sees these kind of missions as very fruitful, especially for smaller Member States, as a way of building industrial capability. A somewhat higher level of risk is accepted with the lower pricetag of a small mission like this, but it still has everything that a bigger satellite has – just put into a smaller box.”