[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 204 (Tuesday, October 22, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 56392-56397]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-22955]
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COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION
17 CFR Part 23
RIN 3038-AE77
Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap Dealers and
Major Swap Participants
AGENCY: Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.
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SUMMARY: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (``Commission'' or
``CFTC'') is seeking comment on proposed amendments to the margin
requirements for uncleared swaps for swap dealers (``SD'') and major
swap participants (``MSP'') for which there is no prudential regulator.
The proposed amendments would add the European Stability Mechanism
(``ESM'') to the list of entities that are expressly excluded from the
definition of financial end user and correct an erroneous cross-
reference in the Commission's regulations.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before December 23, 2019.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by RIN 3038-AE77, by any
of the following methods:
CFTC Comments Portal: https://comments.cftc.gov. Select
the ``Submit Comments'' link for this rulemaking and follow the
instructions on the Public Comment Form.
Mail: Send to Christopher Kirkpatrick, Secretary of the
Commission, Commodity Futures
[[Page 56393]]
Trading Commission, Three Lafayette Center, 1155 21st Street NW,
Washington, DC 20581.
Hand Delivery/Courier: Follow the same instructions as for
Mail, above.
Please submit your comments using only one of these methods.
Submissions through the CFTC Comments Portal are encouraged.
All comments must be submitted in English, or if not, accompanied
by an English translation. Comments will be posted as received to
https://comments.cftc.gov. You should submit only information that you
wish to make available publicly. If you wish the Commission to consider
information that you believe is exempt from disclosure under the
Freedom of Information Act (``FOIA''), a petition for confidential
treatment of the exempt information may be submitted according to the
procedures established in Sec. 145.9 of the Commission's
regulations.\1\
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\1\ 17 CFR 145.9. Commission regulations referred to herein are
found at 17 CFR chapter I.
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The Commission reserves the right, but shall have no obligation, to
review, pre-screen, filter, redact, refuse or remove any or all of your
submission from https://comments.cftc.gov that it may deem to be
inappropriate for publication, such as obscene language. All
submissions that have been redacted or removed that contain comments on
the merits of the rulemaking will be retained in the public comment
file and will be considered as required under the Administrative
Procedure Act and other applicable laws, and may be accessible under
the FOIA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Joshua B. Sterling, Director, 202-418-
6056, [email protected]; Thomas J. Smith, Deputy Director, 202-418-
5495, [email protected]; Warren Gorlick, Associate Director, 202-418-
5195, [email protected]; Carmen Moncada-Terry, Special Counsel, 202-
418-5795, [email protected]; or Rafael Martinez, Senior Financial
Risk Analyst, 202-418-5462, [email protected], Division of Swap Dealer
and Intermediary Oversight, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Three
Lafayette Centre, 1155 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20581.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Background
In January 2016, the Commission adopted Sec. Sec. 23.150 through
23.161 (collectively, ``CFTC Margin Rule'') to implement section 4s(e)
of the Commodity Exchange Act (``CEA''),\2\ which requires SDs and MSPs
for which there is not a prudential regulator (``CSEs'') to meet
minimum initial and variation margin requirements adopted by the
Commission by rule or regulation.\3\
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\2\ See Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap Dealers
and Major Swap Participants, 81 FR 636 (Jan. 6, 2016) (``Final
Margin Rule''); Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap
Dealers and Major Swap Participants--Cross-Border Application of the
Margin Requirements, 81 FR 34818 (May 31, 2016).
\3\ See 7 U.S.C. 6s(e)(1)(B). SDs and MSPs for which there is a
``Prudential Regulator'' must meet the margin requirements for
uncleared swaps established by the applicable ``Prudential
Regulator.'' 7 U.S.C. 6s(e)(1)(A). See also 7 U.S.C. 1a(39)
(defining the term ``Prudential Regulator'' to include the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency; the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation; the Farm Credit Administration; and the Federal Housing
Finance Agency, and specifying the entities for which these agencies
act as Prudential Regulators). The Prudential Regulators published
final margin requirements in November 2015. See Margin and Capital
Requirements for Covered Swap Entities, 80 FR 74840 (Nov. 30, 2015).
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Consistent with the administration of swap regulation, the
Commission's Division of Swap Dealer and Intermediary Oversight
(``DSIO''), on an ongoing basis, reviews rules subject to its
oversight, no-action letters and other grants of relief. In conducting
that exercise, DSIO identified a no-action letter, further discussed
below, whose codification would provide greater certainty to the
marketplace concerning the scope and application of the CFTC Margin
Rule and allow for its effective implementation. DSIO also identified a
typographical error in Commission Sec. 23.157 that without correction
would cause confusion in the application of the CFTC Margin Rule.
A. No-Action Letter
In July 2017, the ESM submitted a letter to the Commission
requesting that SDs be relieved from the CFTC Margin Rule when entering
into swap transactions with the ESM. The ESM represented that it was
similar to the multilateral development banks that are listed in
Commission Sec. 23.151 (including the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, the Asian Development Bank, and the
European Investment Bank), which are excluded from the definition of
financial end user and whose swaps are exempt from the CFTC Margin
Rule. DSIO granted no-action relief, stating that it would not
recommend enforcement action if an SD subject to the CFTC Margin Rule
did not comply with that rule solely in respect of uncleared swaps
between the SD and the ESM.\4\
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\4\ See CFTC Letter No. 17-34, Commission Sec. Sec. 23.150
through 23.159, and 23.161; No-Action Position with Respect to
Uncleared Swaps with the European Stability Mechanism (July 24,
2017) (``CFTC Letter No. 17-34''), available at https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/@lrlettergeneral/documents/letter/17-34.pdf.
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II. Proposed Regulations
A. Amendment of Commission Sec. 23.151--Definition of Financial End
User
The CFTC Margin Rule applies to swap transactions between CSEs and
counterparties that are SDs, MSPs or financial end users. Commission
Sec. 23.151 defines the term ``financial end user'' \5\ and expressly
carves out from the definition sovereign entities, multilateral
development banks, the Bank for International Settlements, entities
exempt from the definition of financial entity pursuant to section
2(h)(7)(C)(iii) of the Act and implementing regulations, affiliates
that qualify for the exemption from clearing pursuant to section
2(h)(7)(D) of the Act, and eligible treasury affiliates that the
Commission exempts from the requirements of Commission Sec. Sec.
23.150 through 23.161 by rule.\6\ The Commission proposes to revise the
definition of financial end user to further exclude the ESM.
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\5\ See 17 CFR 23.151.
\6\ See id.
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The proposed amendment would codify CFTC Letter No. 17-34, which
provides relief from the CFTC Margin Rule with respect to uncleared
swaps between SDs and the ESM. In granting relief, DSIO stated that the
ESM, like multilateral development banks excluded from the financial
end user definition, had a lower risk profile, posing less counterparty
risk to an SD and less systemic risk to the financial system. While not
explicitly finding that the ESM was a multilateral development bank,
DSIO recognized that its function and credit profile justified the
relief.\7\
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\7\ The Commission notes that the Basel Committee on Banking
Supervision ascribes to the ESM a 0% risk weight. The ESM has been
included in the list of entities receiving a 0% risk weight in the
document entitled ``Basel II: International Convergence of Capital
Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework--
Comprehensive Version, June 2006.'' See BIS, Risk Weight for the
European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and European Financial Stability
Facility (EFSF), https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs_nl17.htm.
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The Commission proposes to amend the definition of financial end
user in Commission Sec. 23.151 by adding the ESM to the list of
entities that are expressly excluded from the definition. As described
in CFTC Letter No. 17-34, the ESM is an intergovernmental financial
institution that provides financial assistance for national or regional
development to Euro area member states that are in or are threatened by
severe financial distress,
[[Page 56394]]
similar to entities listed as multilateral development banks in
Commission Sec. 23.151, which are excluded from the definition of
financial end user. To accomplish its policy goals, the ESM utilizes
several financial assistance instruments, including loans in various
forms which can be used for multiple purposes and are offered only
subject to bespoke specified conditions, including economic reforms.
The ESM regularly enters the international capital markets to fund
these loans. It enters into uncleared swaps with SDs to hedge the
interest rate and currency risks it faces as a result of entering into
and funding these loans and to hedge risks associated with its invested
contributed capital.
The Commission notes that, contemporaneously with the issuance of
this proposal, DSIO staff is issuing a revised no-action letter to
phase out the relief provided under CFTC Letter No. 17-34, which would
instead be provided under Commission Sec. 23.151. To allow adequate
time for submission and review of comments, and finalization of the
proposed amendment to Sec. 23.151, the revised no-action letter will
provide relief until the earlier of: (i) April 14, 2020 at 11:59 p.m.
(Eastern Time); or (ii) the effective date of final Commission action
on this rule proposal.
Based on the foregoing, the Commission proposes to exclude the ESM
from the definition of a financial end user, which provides clarity and
certainty to CSEs that uncleared swaps entered into with the ESM are
not subject to the CFTC Margin Rule. The Commission believes that this
approach is appropriate as activities conducted by the ESM, like
activities conducted by multilateral development banks that are
excluded from the financial end user definition, generally have a
different purpose in the financial system. These types of entities are
established by governments and their financial activities are designed
to further governmental purposes. As such, the ESM, like multilateral
development banks, has a lower risk profile and poses less counterparty
risk to an SD and less systemic risk to the financial system.
The Commission also believes that this proposed rule will encourage
international comity and continued cooperation between the Commission
and EU authorities. In this regard, the Commission notes that the
European Stability Mechanism is exempt from the European Market
Infrastructure Regulation or EMIR's margin rules for OTC derivatives
contracts not cleared by a central counterparty.\8\ The proposed rule
acknowledges the unique interests of the EU authorities in the ESM by
excluding the ESM from the CFTC's margin requirements for uncleared
swaps. The principles of international comity counsel mutual respect
for the important interests of foreign sovereigns.\9\
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\8\ See Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament
and the Council of the European Union of July 4, 2012.
\9\ See Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the
United States sec. 403 (Am. Law Inst. 2018) (the Restatement). The
Restatement provides that even where a country has a basis for
jurisdiction, it should not prescribe law with respect to a person
or activity in another country when the exercise of such
jurisdiction is unreasonable. See Restatement section 403(1).
Notably, the Restatement recognizes that, in the exercise of
international comity, reciprocity is an appropriate consideration in
determining whether to exercise jurisdiction extraterritorially.
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Accordingly, paragraph (2)(iii) of the definition of financial end
user in Commission Sec. 23.151 would be amended by replacing ``The
Bank for International Settlements'' with ``The Bank for International
Settlements and the European Stability Mechanism.''
Request for comment: The Commission requests comment regarding the
proposed amendment to Commission Sec. 23.151. The Commission
specifically requests comment on the following question:
Are there any other risk factors or issues pertaining to
the ESM's business model that the Commission should consider in
finalizing this rulemaking?
B. Amendment of Commission Sec. 23.157--Correction of Cross-Reference
Commission Sec. 23.157 requires initial margin collected from or
posted by a CSE to be held by one or more independent custodians. The
CSE must enter into a custodial agreement with each custodian that
holds the initial margin collateral. In particular, paragraph (c)(1) of
Commission Sec. 23.157 provides that the custodial agreement must
prohibit the custodian from rehypothecating, repledging, reusing, or
otherwise transferring the collateral except that cash collateral may
be held in a general deposit account with the custodian if the funds in
the account are used to purchase an asset described in Commission Sec.
23.156(a)(1)(iv) through (xii).
Commission staff has determined that the cross-reference to ``Sec.
23.156(a)(1)(iv) through (xii)'' in paragraph (c)(1) is erroneous.
First, the existing cross-reference incorrectly refers to non-existing
paragraphs. Second, the existing cross-reference excludes treasury
securities and U.S. Government agency securities, which are included in
the list of eligible collateral set forth in Commission Sec.
23.156(a)(1), and which the Commission intended to include as eligible
assets into which cash collateral can be converted.\10\ The correct
cross-reference should be Sec. 23.156(a)(1)(ii) through (x). The
Commission is proposing an amendment to Commission Sec. 23.157(c)(1)
to remove the erroneous cross-reference to ``Sec. 23.156(a)(1)(iv)
through (xii)'' and replace it with the corrected cross-reference
``Sec. 23.156(a)(1)(ii) through (x).''
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\10\ In the Final Margin Rule, the Commission explained that its
intent was to exclude ``immediately available cash funds,'' which is
one form of eligible collateral in Commission Sec. 23.156(a)(1),
because allowing such eligible collateral to be held in the form of
a deposit liability of the custodian bank would be incompatible with
Commission Sec. 23.157(c)'s prohibition against rehypothecation of
collateral. See Final Margin Rule, 81 FR at 671. However, the
Commission expressly stated that the custodian could use the cash
funds to purchase other forms of eligible collateral. See id.
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Request for comment: The Commission requests comment regarding the
proposed amendment to Commission Sec. 23.157.
III. Administrative Compliance
A. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (``RFA'') requires Federal agencies
to consider whether the rules they propose will have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities and, if so,
provide a regulatory flexibility analysis respecting the impact.\11\
Whenever an agency publishes a general notice of proposed rulemaking
for any rule, pursuant to the notice-and-comment provisions of the
Administrative Procedure Act,\12\ a regulatory flexibility analysis or
certification typically is required.\13\ The Commission previously has
established certain definitions of ``small entities'' to be used in
evaluating the impact of its regulations on small entities in
accordance with the RFA.\14\ The proposed amendments only affect
certain SDs and MSPs and their counterparties, which must be eligible
contract participants (``ECPs'').\15\ The Commission has previously
established
[[Page 56395]]
that SDs, MSPs and ECPs are not small entities for purposes of the
RFA.\16\
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\11\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.
\12\ 5 U.S.C. 553. The Administrative Procedure Act is found at
5 U.S.C. 500 et seq.
\13\ See 5 U.S.C. 601(2), 603, 604, and 605.
\14\ See Registration of Swap Dealers and Major Swap
Participants, 77 FR 2613 (Jan. 19, 2012); 47 FR 18618 (Apr. 30,
1982).
\15\ Pursuant to section 2(e) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. 2(e), each
counterparty to an uncleared swap must be an ECP, as defined in
section 1a(18) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. 1a(18).
\16\ See Further Definition of ``Swap Dealer,'' ``Security-Based
Swap Dealer,'' ``Major Swap Participant,'' ``Major Security-Based
Swap Participant'' and ``Eligible Contract Participant,'' 77 FR
30596, 30701 (May 23, 2012).
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Accordingly, the Chairman, on behalf of the Commission, hereby
certifies pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 605(b) that the proposed alternatives
will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of
small entities.
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (``PRA'') \17\ imposes certain
requirements on Federal agencies, including the Commission, in
connection with their conducting or sponsoring any collection of
information, as defined by the PRA. The Commission may not conduct or
sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a currently valid Office of Management
and Budget control number. The proposed rules contain no requirements
subject to the PRA.
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\17\ 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
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C. Cost-Benefit Considerations
Section 15(a) of the CEA requires the Commission to consider the
costs and benefits of its actions before promulgating a regulation
under the CEA. Section 15(a) further specifies that the costs and
benefits shall be evaluated in light of the following five broad areas
of market and public concern: (1) Protection of market participants and
the public; (2) efficiency, competitiveness, and financial integrity of
futures markets; (3) price discovery; (4) sound risk management
practices; and (5) other public interest considerations. The Commission
considers the costs and benefits resulting from its discretionary
determinations with respect to the section 15(a) considerations.
In addition, the Commission notes that the consideration of costs
and benefits below is based on the understanding that the markets
function internationally, with many transactions involving U.S. firms
taking place across international boundaries; with some Commission
registrants being organized outside of the United States; with leading
industry members typically conducting operations both within and
outside the United States; and with industry members commonly following
substantially similar business practices wherever located. Where the
Commission does not specifically refer to matters of location, the
below discussion of costs and benefits refers to the effects of the
proposed rules on all activities subject to the proposal, whether by
virtue of the activity's physical location in the United States or by
virtue of the activities' connection with or effect on U.S. commerce
under CEA section 2(i).\18\
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\18\ See 7 U.S.C. 2(i).
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1. Baseline and Rule Summary
The baseline for the Commission's consideration of the costs and
benefits of this proposed rulemaking is the CFTC Margin Rule. The
Commission recognizes that to the extent market participants have
relied on CFTC Letter No. 17-34, the actual costs and benefits of the
proposed amendment to Commission Sec. 23.151, as realized in the
market, may not be as significant. The proposed amendment would revise
the definition of financial end user in Commission Sec. 23.151 to
exclude the ESM from the definition. The amendment would codify CFTC
Letter No. 17-34 and confirm that swaps with the ESM as a counterparty
are not subject to the CFTC Margin Rule. As a result, CSEs facing the
ESM as counterparties would not be required to exchange margin with the
ESM, resulting in the collection of lesser amounts of margin to
mitigate the risk of uncleared swaps. Nevertheless, the Commission
believes that the proposed amendment is reasonable because the ESM's
activity in the swaps market, as of the date of this proposal, is so
limited that any potential unmargined exposure is unlikely to result in
substantial systemic risk.\19\ In addition, the Commission notes that
the ESM is an intergovernmental financial institution established by
the EU, and its stated purpose of supporting member states in financial
distress serves to manage and reduce risk to the EU financial system.
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\19\ Recent review of data from the swap data repositories
indicates that the ESM engages in limited swap trading activity.
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The Commission is also proposing to amend Commission Sec.
23.157(c)(1) to remove the erroneous cross-reference to ``Sec.
23.156(a)(1)(iv) through (xii)'' and to replace it with the corrected
cross-reference ``Sec. 23.156(a)(1)(ii) through (x).'' The Commission
believes that custodial banks will benefit from being able to convert
cash posted as initial margin into treasury and U.S. Government agency
securities as was originally intended by the Commission.
2. Section 15(a) Considerations
a. Protection of Market Participants and Public
The proposed amendment to Commission Sec. 23.151 would formalize
CFTC Letter No. 17-34 and would confirm that swaps with the ESM as a
counterparty are not subject to the CFTC Margin Rule. As discussed
above, given the limited activity of the ESM in the swaps markets, the
Commission believes that the unmargined exposure resulting from swaps
between CSEs and the ESM is unlikely to result in significant risk to
the financial system. Inasmuch as margin is posted to protect
counterparties against credit risk, the creditworthiness of the ESM is
critical to this analysis. The ESM has maintained high capital levels
and has ultimate backing from the European Union.\20\ Consequently, at
this time, the Commission is comfortable that the ESM does not pose
substantial counterparty credit risk. Thus, the Commission
preliminarily believes that there would be no material impact on market
participants and the general public relative to the status quo
baseline.
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\20\ CFTC Letter No. 17-34 states that ``[w]ith respect to its
credit risk, as part of its emergency procedure, the ESM's member
states have irrevocably agreed to contribute a total of
approximately [euro]624 billion in additional capital should the ESM
face financial distress. Further, the ESM is subject to limits on
its lending and borrowing, and the ESM's property, funding, and
assets in its member states are immune from search, requisition,
confiscation, expropriation, or any other form of seizure, taking,
or foreclosure. In addition, to the extent necessary to carry out
its activities, all property, funding, and assets of the ESM are
free from restrictions, regulations, controls, and moratoria of any
nature. The combined application of these rules and limits is
effective in keeping the ESM's total liabilities well below its
available capital.''
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b. Efficiency, Competitiveness, and Financial Integrity of Markets
The Commission preliminarily believes that the efficiency,
competitiveness, and financial integrity of markets would not be
significantly impacted by removing the requirement to post and collect
margin in swap transactions with the ESM. One of the main functions of
the ESM is to provide emergency assistance to members states of the
European Union.\21\ Given the nature of its operations, the ESM would
be motivated to choose sensible, creditworthy counterparties thereby
containing the credit risk exposure that the ESM may incur in swaps
transactions.
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\21\ See CFTC Letter No. 17-34.
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[[Page 56396]]
c. Price Discovery
The proposed amendment to Commission Sec. 23.151, which codifies
CFTC Letter No. 17-34, would relieve the ESM and its counterparties
from the CFTC Margin Rule, as the ESM would no longer be classified as
a financial end user. The codification of the no-action relief as a
rule would formalize a no-action position held by DSIO, promoting
transparency concerning the applicability of the CFTC Margin Rule.
Because there would not be a legal requirement that margin be posted in
swap transactions with the ESM, such transactions would likely be for
prices that deviate from similar swap transactions with financial end
users but be in line with swaps with non-financial entities. As a
result, swaps entered into with the ESM could increase, which could
enhance, or at least not harm, the price discovery process.
d. Sound Risk Management
The ESM is an intergovernmental financial institution established
by the EU and its financial activities are designed to advance EU
objectives. The ESM's purpose is to manage the potential for systemic
risk by providing support to member states that are in distress. The
exposures posed by the ESM are therefore relatively unique. Relief from
the CFTC Margin Rule may result in CSEs being more inclined to enter
into swaps with the ESM, benefiting from the overall diversification of
their swap portfolios, which is consistent with sound risk management.
e. Other Public Interest Considerations
As discussed above, the Commission believes that the proposed
amendment to Commission Sec. 23.151 is also warranted based on the
interests of comity and the Commission's continuing cross-border
coordination with EU authorities, such as the 2016 EC-CFTC Agreement,
which has fostered cooperation and mutual respect between the CFTC and
EU authorities.
3. Request for Comment
The Commission invites comment on its preliminary consideration of
the costs and benefits associated with the proposed changes to
Commission Sec. Sec. 23.151 and 23.157, especially with respect to the
five factors the Commission is required to consider under CEA section
15(a). In addressing these areas and any other aspect of the
Commission's preliminary cost-benefit considerations, the Commission
encourages commenters to submit any data or other information they may
have quantifying and/or qualifying the costs and benefits of the
proposal. The Commission also specifically requests comment on the
following questions:
Has the Commission accurately identified the benefits of
this proposal? Are there other benefits to the Commission, market
participants, and/or the public that may result from the adoption of
this proposal that the Commission should consider? Please provide
specific examples and explanations of any such benefits.
Has the Commission accurately identified the costs of this
proposal? Are there additional costs to the Commission, market
participants, and/or the public that may result from the adoption of
this proposal that the Commission should consider? Please provide
specific examples and explanations of any such costs.
Does this proposal impact the section 15(a) factors in any
way that is not described above? Please provide specific examples and
explanations of any such impact.
Whether, and the extent to which, any specific foreign
requirement(s) may affect the costs and benefits of the proposal. If
so, please identify the relevant foreign requirement(s) and any
monetary or other quantitative estimates of the potential magnitude of
those costs and benefits.
D. Antitrust Considerations
Section 15(b) of the CEA requires the Commission to take into
consideration the public interest to be protected by the antitrust laws
and endeavor to take the least anticompetitive means of achieving the
objectives of the CEA, in issuing any order or adopting any Commission
rule or regulation. The Commission does not anticipate that the
proposed changes discussed herein will result in anti-competitive
behavior. The Commission requests comment regarding whether the
proposed changes could be deemed anti-competitive.
List of Subjects in 17 CFR Part 23
Capital and margin requirements, Major swap participants, Swap
dealers, Swaps.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission proposes to amend 17 CFR part 23 as set forth below:
PART 23--SWAP DEALERS AND MAJOR SWAP PARTICIPANTS
0
1. The authority citation for part 23 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 1a, 2, 6, 6a, 6b, 6b-1, 6c, 6p, 6r, 6s, 6t,
9, 9a, 12, 12a, 13b, 13c, 16a, 18, 19, 21.
Section 23.160 also issued under 7 U.S.C. 2(i); Sec. 721(b),
Pub. L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1641 (2010).
0
2. In Sec. 23.151, revise paragraph (2)(iii) of the definition of
``Financial end user'' to read as follows:
Sec. 23.151 Definitions applicable to margin requirements.
* * * * *
Financial end user * * *
(2) * * *
(iii) The Bank for International Settlements and the European
Stability Mechanism;
* * * * *
0
3. In Sec. 23.157, revise paragraph (c)(1) to read as follows:
Sec. 23.157 Custodial arrangements.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(1) Prohibits the custodian from rehypothecating, repledging,
reusing, or otherwise transferring (through securities lending,
securities borrowing, repurchase agreement, reverse repurchase
agreement or other means) the collateral held by the custodian except
that cash collateral may be held in a general deposit account with the
custodian if the funds in the account are used to purchase an asset
described in Sec. 23.156(a)(1)(ii) through (x), such asset is held in
compliance with this section, and such purchase takes place within a
time period reasonably necessary to consummate such purchase after the
cash collateral is posted as initial margin; and
* * * * *
Issued in Washington, DC, on October 16, 2019, by the
Commission.
Christopher Kirkpatrick,
Secretary of the Commission.
Note: The following appendices will not appear in the Code of
Federal Regulations.
Appendices to Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps for Swap Dealers
and Major Swap Participants--Commission Voting Summary and
Commissioners' Statements
Appendix 1--Commission Voting Summary
On this matter, Chairman Tarbert and Commissioners Behnam,
Stump, and Berkovitz voted in the affirmative. Commissioner Quintenz
voted in the negative.
[[Page 56397]]
Appendix 2--Dissenting Statement of Commissioner Brian D. Quintenz to
the Proposed Exclusion for the European Stability Mechanism From the
Commission's Margin Requirements for Uncleared Swaps
In March 2018, I articulated my approach to our current
regulatory relationship with our European counterparts in light of
their refusal to stand by or re-affirm their 2016 commitments in the
CFTC's and European Commission's common approach to the regulation
of cross-border central counterparties (CCPs) (CFTC-EC CCP
Agreement).\1\ Specifically, the absence of the agreement's re-
affirmation directly implied the agreement's abrogation by the
European Market Infrastructure Regulation 2.2 (EMIR 2.2).\2\ I
therefore vowed that I would either object to or vote against any
relief provided to or requested by European Union authorities until
the agreement's clarity was restored. While the possibility still
exists for a successful outcome to EMIR 2.2 that fully respects the
CFTC's ultimate authority over U.S. CCPs, still no assurance has
been given to remove that doubt.
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\1\ Keynote Address of Commissioner Brian Quintenz before FIA
Annual Meeting, Boca Raton, Florida (March 14, 2018), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/opaquintenz9; and Joint
Statement from CFTC Chairman Timothy Massad and European
Commissioner Jonathan Hill, CFTC and the European Commission: Common
approach for transatlantic CCPs (Feb. 10, 2016), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7342-16.
\2\ The proposed implementation of EMIR 2.2 by ESMA is available
at, https://www.esma.europa.eu/press-news/esma-news/esma-consults-tiering-comparable-compliance-and-fees-under-emir-22.
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I therefore dissent from today's proposed rule to exempt the
European Stability Mechanism from the Commission's margin
requirements for uncleared swaps.
The ESM plays an important role within Europe--an
intergovernmental organization of the EU's Eurozone member states
that provides financial assistance to those countries. The rule the
CFTC is proposing to issue today would codify CFTC staff no-action
relief permitting the ESM, unlike other financial entities, to enter
into uncleared swaps with Commission-registered swap dealers without
complying with the CFTC's margin regulations.\3\ In proposing this
rule, the CFTC has directed precious staff resources to provide
legal certainty to an EU agency so that it may access CFTC-
supervised swap dealers with significantly greater flexibility than
numerous U.S. firms. Yet, we are taking this step while, and as I
stated at last month's Global Markets Advisory Committee meeting,
the proposed implementation of EMIR 2.2 has actually increased the
likelihood of the CCP Agreement's nullification.\4\ It is entirely
unclear if any of the five U.S. CCPs currently authorized to access
the EU \5\ will ultimately be treated as domestic EU firms and
forced to follow EU rules.
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\3\ CFTC Letter 17-34 (July 24, 2017), https://www.cftc.gov/LawRegulation/CFTCStaffLetters/index.htm.
\4\ Opening Statement of Commissioner Brian Quintenz before the
CFTC Global Markets Advisory Committee Meeting (Sept. 24, 2019),
https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/quintenzstatement092419. See also a similar Opening Statement by
Commissioner Quintenz before the June 12, 2019 meeting of the CFTC's
Market Risk Advisory Committee, https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/quintenzstatement061219.
\5\ CME, ICE Clear Credit, ICE Clear US, Minneapolis Grain
Exchange, and Nodal Clear.
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Subjecting a U.S. CCP to the same level of EU regulation as an
EU CCP would unilaterally render null and void an agreement
originally based on regulatory deference and mutual respect between
two authorities. Even subjecting them to a re-application process
under new or different criteria could nullify the 2016 agreement.
And yet that re-application process is precisely the current
expectation.
The CFTC-EC CCP Agreement promoted cross-border markets and
regulatory efficiency because the CFTC and the European Commission
agreed on where and how to defer to each other's regulatory regimes.
A rule like the one proposed today, or the relief provided by CFTC
staff to Eurex Clearing last December (to which I similarly
objected) \6\ provides special accommodations to an EU institution
by relying on the CFTC's trust in our EU counterparts. Such trust
continues to be misplaced until the EU can provide assurance that
the CFTC-EC CCP Agreement will be upheld.
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\6\ Statement of Commissioner Brian Quintenz on Staff No-Action
Relief for Eurex Clearing AG (December 20, 2018), https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/SpeechesTestimony/quintenzstatement122018.
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Appendix 3--Supporting Statement of Commissioner Dan M. Berkovitz on
the Proposed Rule Excluding the European Stability Mechanism From
Definition of Financial End User
I support the proposed regulation that would add the European
Stability Mechanism (``ESM'') to the list of governmental entities
excluded from the definition of financial end user in the
Commission's margin regulations. The Commission has recognized for
many years that entities established by governments like the ESM
should be exempted from some of our regulatory requirements for
financial entities. These entities serve a governmental purpose that
is not to speculate or profit from derivatives and therefor are less
likely to engage in activities that would bring risk to the United
States. The ESM, an intergovernmental entity designed to assist EU
member states in financial distress, would likely reduce systemic
risk in the European Union. If the 2008 financial crisis is any
guide, reducing financial distress in one region of the world is
likely to benefit the rest of the world, including the United
States.
In addition, comity is an important consideration when
regulating entities established by a foreign government for a
governmental purpose. The proposal will facilitate international
comity and should encourage further cooperation. Showing reciprocal,
mutual respect for the important interests of other sovereigns is an
important step to harmonizing regulation and facilitating global
markets where appropriate.
[FR Doc. 2019-22955 Filed 10-21-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6351-01-P