On the morning of June 6, 1944, soldiers from the United States, Great Britain, Canada, and other Allied nations landed on a 50-mile stretch of fortified beaches in Normandy, France, as part of Operation Overlord. After facing withering fire to defeat the Nazi defenders and establish beachheads, approximately 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel and landed in France by day's end. The success of the D-Day invasion established a foothold in France that allowed soldiers and supplies to begin the task of freeing Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control.
The Allied nations—including Great Britain, Canada, Australia, the United States, Norway, and the French Liberation Army—began planning an airborne and sea invasion of Nazi-occupied France in 1943, with U.S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower as commander of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. The target of the invasion was the coastline of Normandy, France, approximately 20–25 miles across the English Channel from England. Planners chose five beaches on the French coast, codenamed: Gold, Sword, Utah, Juno, and Omaha. Each was defended by underwater obstacles, mines, and the Nazi's "Atlantic Wall" of heavily fortified artillery, mortar, and machine gun emplacements. As soldiers approached the landing beaches, airborne troops would strike inland, destroying artillery installations, disrupting communications, and slowing the arrival of German reinforcements attempting to drive the Allied invaders back into the sea.
The assault on Nazi-occupied Europe began late on June 5 and during the early morning hours of June 6, as more than 2,200 Allied bombers peppered beaches and inland targets with high explosives. At the same time, thousands of American and British paratroopers and glider airborne soldiers landed in northern France to disrupt Nazi defenses and communications and ultimately captured Cherbourg, France—a vital link in the invasion's supply line. Scattered parachute drops, lost troop-transporting gliders, and missing equipment did not deter the airborne troops from wreaking havoc as waves of Allied soldiers approached Normandy's coastline. The airborne's success was not without cost. Between D-Day and the capture of Cherbourg on June 30, American airborne casualties totaled approximately 1,000 dead, 2,600 wounded, and 4,500 missing.
As the airborne assault kept the Nazis busy inland, an invasion fleet of more than 1,200 warships off the Normandy coast pounded German positions. American, British, Canadian, Free French, and other Allied soldiers and equipment boarded thousands of landing craft in the English Channel for a stomach-churning trip to the French coast. The first waves of invaders to arrive at the landing beaches at sunrise on June 6 experienced varying levels of resistance. British and Canadian forces quickly silenced Nazi defenses and captured Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches with fewer than 2,800 killed or wounded. On Utah Beach, American troops suffered just 197 casualties to overcome the reluctant defense mounted by non-German draftees. However, American soldiers at Omaha Beach and Point du Hoc faced much fiercer resistance. Approximately 200 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the 100-foot cliffs at Point du Hoc—a rocky peninsula between the Utah and Omaha landing beaches—to destroy coastal gun batteries at the cost of 135 dead and wounded. Americans landing at Omaha Beach, were easy targets for determined Nazi defenders as they waded ashore dodging machine gun and mortar fire. Despite more than 2,400 casualties at "Bloody Omaha," the heroic actions of soldiers from the U.S. Army's 1st and 29th Divisions captured the beach, stormed inland, and began consolidating the Normandy beachheads for the soldiers and supplies pouring into France in the hours and days that followed.
Eighty years later, millions worldwide still pause each June 6 to remember the heroism of the men and women who fought and died so that others could be free. Among the dozens of military cemeteries in Europe, nearly 14,000 American graves and the names of more than 2,000 missing at the Normandy American Cemetery in Colleville-sur-Mer and the Brittany American Cemetery in Montjoie Saint Martin, France, are reminders of the sacrifice so many made during Operation Overlord and the battles that followed in the 10 months prior to the defeat of Nazi Germany.
You can learn more about the D-Day invasion and the soldiers who fought and died to liberate Europe using Census Bureau data and records. For example:
Hundreds of Census Bureau alumni served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II.
Donald E. Young was 20 years old when he was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942. He guarded German prisoners of war in Oklahoma, until being retrained as a medic prior to the D-Day invasion of France. After the war, and upon graduating from Boston University, he joined the Census Bureau's Industry Division after graduation. During his 35-year Census Bureau career, Young worked with the UNIVAC I computer, traveled the world as part of the agency's International Statistics Program, and worked in the Construction Statistics Division.
Gordon T. Boyd Jr., attended Howard University before enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1943. Although trained as one of the Army Air Corps famed Tuskegee Airmen, the war ended before his 477th Bombardment Group deployed. After his April 1946 discharge, Boyd worked as a management specialist at the Census Bureau. During his 34 years at the agency, he considered his work on FOSDIC to improve processing speeds to be one of his greatest accomplishments.
Dorothy Paul Pritzker was one of the first U.S. Navy officers to complete the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) training program. Stationed in Washington, DC, during the war, Pritzker joined the Census Bureau in 1948. She worked in the Personnel Division until called to active service again during the Korean War. She returned to the Census Bureau in 1953 and worked on employee improvement and education programs until retiring in 1963.
Wilbur "Will" J. Mathias joined the Census Bureau in 1940. After the United States entered World War II, he enlisted in the Army Air Corps. During a 1944 bombing raid on Berlin, Germany, damage to his airplane forced it to land in neutral Sweden where the crew was detained for the remainder of the war. He returned to the Census Bureau in 1947, but was called back to active duty during the Korean War. Returning from war in 1952, Mathias worked in the Census Bureau's Personnel Division after until joining the Federal Aviation Administration in 1963.
The decennial census was conducted as of June 1 (June 2 in 1890) from 1840 to 1900?
Congress moved "Census Day" from the first Monday in August (1790 to 1830) to give the U.S. marshals conducting the census more time to visit every household in the United States and its territories.
Census Day moved to April 15 in 1910 and January 1 in 1920. April 1 has been the reference date of our national population count since 1930.
Learn more about each census at our Through the Decades webpages.