Noteworthy state legislative walkouts

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State legislatures require a specific number of members to be present in order to conduct official business, such as debating or voting on legislation. The minimum number of members required to conduct official business is known as quorum. When a coordinated group of legislators—typically consisting primarily of those in the minority party—leaves the state capitol to prevent a quorum, this is called a state legislative walkout.

• Forty-five states define a quorum as a majority of members, meaning the majority party can typically maintain a quorum without any minority party assistance.
• Massachusetts defines a quorum as less than a majority of members: two-fifths in the Senate and three-eighths in the House.
• Four states—Indiana, Oregon, Tennessee, and Texas—define a quorum as two-thirds of members, which means the prescence of majority and minority party members is typically required to conduct legislative activity unless members from one party hold a two-thirds majority on their own.

Additionally, some states might require a majority quorum for most activities but have a different quorum requirement for other types of bills. For example, Wisconsin has a two-thirds quorum requirement when dealing with budget bills.

Ballotpedia has identified 12 noteworthy state legislative walkouts, 10 of which were in one of the four states with a two-thirds quorum requirement. Noteworthy walkouts are those where legislators left the state for at least a week or received significant national media attention.

Oregon has had the most noteworthy state legislative walkouts with six, followed by Texas with three, and one each in Indiana, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin.

On this page you will find:

• Noteworthy walkouts by state
• Noteworthy walkouts by year
• Quorum requirements by state
• Other noteworthy events
• State constitutional articles governing legislatures

Noteworthy walkouts by state

List of noteworthy state legislative walkouts by state
Year	Party in control of chamber	Legislators needed for quorum	Partisan balance at time of walkout	Status of walkout
Indiana
2011	Republican	67	40 - 60	Ended
Oregon
2023	Democratic	20	17 - 12 - 1	Ended
September 2021	Democratic	40	37 - 23	Ended
February 2021	Democratic	20	18 - 11 - 1	Ended
2020	Democratic	20	18 - 12	Ended
2019	Democratic	20	18 - 11	Ended
2001	Republican	40	27 - 32 - 1	Ended
Rhode Island
1924	Republican	20	18 - 22	Ended
Texas
July 2021	Republican	100	67 - 83	Ended
May 2021	Republican	100	67 - 83	Ended
2003	Republican	21 (Senate), 100 (House)	11 - 20 (Senate), 52 - 98 (House)	Ended
Wisconsin
2011	Republican	22	14 - 19	Ended

Noteworthy walkouts by year

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2023

Oregon

See also: 2023 Oregon legislative session

May

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 20

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 17 - 12 - 1

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Parental consent for abortion, firearms, and social, psychological, and medical treatments for transgender adults and minors

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation amended, passed

On May 3, 2023, all but two members of the Republican Senate caucus were absent from the legislative session, preventing a quorum. The walkout ended 43 days later, on June 15, making it the longest in state history. The next-longest walkout lasted nine days in 2019.

At the outset of the walkout, Minority Leader Tim Knopp (R) said Democrats broke chamber rules on the plain wording of bills. "When the majority of bill summaries written demand a post-graduate degree to understand what the bills do, we disenfranchise Oregonians across the state and violate the law in the process," he said. Majority Leader Kate Lieber (D) said Republicans walked out because of the content of the bills. "It is no coincidence that Republicans are employing these embarrassing antics as the Senate is about to vote on bills that protect reproductive health freedom and establish common sense gun safety laws," she said.

The walkout ended after Democrats and Republicans reached a series of compromises on bills and chamber rules:

• House Bill 2002 dealt with abortion access and medical treatments for transgender adults and minors. Initially, the bill allowed minors under the age of 14 to receive an abortion without parental consent. In the compromise, those minors still retained that ability, but only after an assessment from a healthcare provider. The compromise bill also removed provisions funding reproductive healthcare and abortion access centers in rural communities and on public university campuses. The provisions regarding medical treatments for transgender adults and minors was not substantively changed.

• House Bill 2005 dealt with firearm laws. Initially, it prohibited the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms, raised the purchase age for firearms in most cases from 18 to 21, and allowed local governments to prohibit firearms in public spaces. The compromise bill retained the prohibition on the construction of unserialized and untraceable firearms.

• Readability laws were mentioned throughout the walkout, with Republican senators saying bills before that chamber did not comply with a 1979 law, which KGW8's Jamie Parfitt described as "a long-forgotten law requiring that bill summaries be readable at an 8th-grade level as established by the Flesch readability test." In a statement released following the walkout, Republicans wrote they had secured guarantees that "bill summaries will be redrafted to comply with House Rules, Senate Rules, Oregon statute, and the state Oregon Constitution."

For more information about the multiple compromises reached at the end of the walkout, use the links below:

• KGW8
• Oregon Capital Chronicle
• Oregon Public Broadcasting

On June 1, during the walkout, Senate Democrats voted to fine members $325 every day their absence prevented a quorum, the same amount as each senator's per diem allowance. Following the walkout, Senate President Rob Wagner (D) indicated the rule would remain in place.

In 2022, voters approved Measure 113, a ballot measure that makes legislators ineligible to be re-elected to a subsequent term if they accrue 10 or more unexcused absences. By the end of the walkout, 10 lawmakers involved met that threshold:

• Sen. Brian Boquist (I)
• Sen. Daniel Bonham (R)
• Sen. Lynn Findley (R)
• Sen. Bill Hansell (R)
• Sen. Cedric Hayden (R)
• Sen. Dennis Linthicum (R)
• Sen. Tim Knopp (R)
• Sen. Art Robinson (R)
• Sen. Kim Thatcher (R)
• Sen. Suzanne Weber (R)

On August 8, Secretary of State LaVonne Griffin-Valade (D) announced an administrative rule clarifying that any lawmaker with 10 or more unexcused absences during the 2023 session would be unable to run for re-election in 2024. On August 25, Sens. Bonham, Weber, Findley, Knopp, and Linthicum filed a lawsuit challenging that rule. In a February 1, 2024, ruling, the Oregon Supreme Court said that the 10 senators could not run for re-election, upholding the secretary of state's August 8 administrative rule.

In a separate lawsuit filed in federal court, Sens. Boquist and Linthicum argued that the walkout was constitutionally protected free speech. On December 13, 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Ann Aiken rejected the argument, while a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed her decision on February 29, 2024. The judges said, "Actions have consequences. When those actions might be described as expressive in nature, the First Amendment sometimes protects us from the repercussions that follow. This is not one of those instances." As of March 4, 2024, Ballotpedia did not identify a response from Sens. Boquist and Linthicum.

2021

Oregon

See also: 2021 Oregon legislative session

February

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 20

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 - 11 - 1

Topic being considered at time of walkout: COVID-19 policies

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Republicans returned to chamber

On Feb. 25, 2021, all 11 members of the Republican Senate caucus were absent from the legislative session and sent a letter to Gov. Kate Brown (D) saying the governor had ignored their proposals related to COVID-19. "Our previous efforts to bring these issues to your attention have gone unacknowledged. Thus, we are protesting today’s floor session. In this show of solidarity with Oregonians who are being failed by the current direction of your policies, we hope this action conveys the importance of these issues," the group wrote. The Oregonian reported that Republicans wanted Brown to reopen schools and increase vaccine availability to older residents in more rural areas.

The walkout ended on March 2, 2021. Senate Minority Leader Fred Girod (R) said that the walkout accomplished his goals of highlighting the issues of school reopenings and vaccinations.

September

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 40

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 37 - 23

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Redistricting

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Republicans returned to chamber

On September 25, 2021, Republican members of the House did not join a session discussing the redistricting plan for the state's congressional districts. Thirty-four legislators were present, with 40 needed for a quorum. Of those absent, 18 had excused absences and eight did not. The Republicans returned to the chamber on September 27, establishing a quorum. The House passed the redistricting plan the same day.

Texas

See also: 2021 Texas legislative session

May

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 100

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 67 - 83

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Senate Bill 7

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation not passed

On May 30, 2021, all 67 members of the Democratic caucus left the chamber during consideration of Senate Bill 7, a package of voting-related legislation. Legislators left the chamber around 10:30 p.m., leaving the chamber without a quorum ahead of a midnight deadline for passing legislation for the session. The walkout came following a meeting between the Democratic caucus and Speaker Dade Phelan (R). "We weren't getting satisfactory answers about why the bill had gotten so much worse. Most of us walked away from that meeting understanding that this was our only option," state Rep. Gina Hinojosa (D) said.

Following the closure of the regular session, Gov. Greg Abbott (R) said he would call a special session to take up the legislation again and threatened to veto the part of the state budget that funds legislative salaries. On June 21, Abbott issued his veto of the part of the state budget that funds legislative salaries.

July-August

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 100

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 67 - 83

Topic being considered at time of walkout: House Bill 3 and Senate Bill 1 voting related legislation

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Democrats returned to chamber

On July 12, 2021, enough members of the Democratic caucus left the state during consideration of House Bill 3 and Senate Bill 1 to break quorum. The bills being considered were packages of voting-related legislation.

Texas House Democratic Caucus Chair Chris Turner, Mexican American Legislative Caucus Chair Rafael Anchía (D), Texas Legislative Black Caucus Chair Nicole Collier (D), Legislative Study Group Caucus Chair Garnet Coleman (D), and Dean Senfronia Thompson (D) released a joint statement on the decision to break quorum and go to Washington D.C. saying, "Today, Texas House Democrats stand united in our decision to break quorum and refuse to let the Republican-led legislature force through dangerous legislation that would trample on Texans’ freedom to vote. We are now taking the fight to our nation’s Capitol. We are living on borrowed time in Texas. We need Congress to act now to pass the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act to protect Texans — and all Americans — from the Trump Republicans’ nationwide war on democracy."

Governor Greg Abbott (R) responded to the walkout saying, "Texas Democrats’ decision to break a quorum of the Texas Legislature and abandon the Texas State Capitol inflicts harm on the very Texans who elected them to serve," and that, "The Democrats must put aside partisan political games and get back to the job they were elected to do. Their constituents must not be denied these important resources simply because their elected representative refused to show up to work."

On July 15, Speaker Dade Phelan (R) announced the removal of Joseph Moody (D) from his position as speaker pro tem of the chamber. Moody was one of the Democratic legislators to leave the state. Phelan issued no statement but said the removal was effective immediately. Moody issued the following statement: "The most important titles in my life will never change: Dad, Husband, El Pasoan. Nothing political has ever even cracked the top three, so nothing has changed about who I am or what my values are." The speaker pro tem performs the duties of the speaker in his or her absence and Moody had served in the position for two sessions. The Texas Tribune said Moody was "one of Phelan's top allies in the Democratic Party," citing their work together on bills relating to the state's criminal justice system.

On July 26, Phelan signed a civil warrant for the arrest of Philip Cortez (D). Cortez returned to Austin from Washington, D.C., a week earlier to rejoin the legislature. On July 25, he traveled back to Washington, D.C. The Texas Tribune noted that the warrant, the first issued as a result of the walkout, would likely not have any impact as Texas law enforcement does not have jurisdiction outside the state.

The initial special session concluded on August 6. On August 5, Abbott announced an additional 30-day special session scheduled to convene on August 7. At the start of the special session, the chamber did not have a quorum. According to CBS News, at least 26 Democrats of the initial 50 that left in June were expected to stay in Washington, D.C. State Rep. Eddie Lucio (D), who returned to Texas, said he expected enough of the caucus to return to Austin to have a quorum within a week.

On August 10, Phelan signed civil arrest warrants for all 52 Democratic legislators not in attendance for the special session. The Texas Supreme Court initially stayed and then overturned a lower court ruling that blocked the arrest warrants. The warrants call for the detention of the legislators and a return to the state capitol, and any legislators arrested would not face criminal charges or fines. Similar to the warrant issued by Phelan in July, this round is only enforceable in Texas because state law enforcement does not have jurisdiction outside the state.

The walkout ended on August 19 when three Democratic representatives from the Houston area returned to the chamber and there were enough members to establish a quorum. House Speaker Phelan gaveled the session to order and the chamber referred the voting-related legislation to committee. State Reps. Garnet Coleman, Armando Walle, and Ana Hernandez released a statement upon their return, saying, in part, "We are proud of the heroic work and commitment we and our fellow Democratic caucus members have shown in breaking quorum in May and again over the summer. We took the fight for voting rights to Washington, D.C. and brought national attention to the partisan push in our state to weaken ballot access...COVID-19 is ravaging our state and overwhelming our health care system worse than at any other point during this pandemic...It is time to move past these partisan legislative calls, and to come together to help our state mitigate the effects of the current COVID-19 surge."

2020

Oregon

See also: 2020 Oregon legislative session

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 20

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 - 12

Topic being considered at time of walkout: SB 1530 cap-and-trade legislation

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation killed, executive order

On Feb. 24, 2020, 11 of the 12 Republican members of the Oregon State Senate did not attend the regularly-scheduled morning Senate floor session amid disagreements on SB 1530, a bill to cap greenhouse gas emissions. Democrats held 18 seats, two short of the 20 members needed for a quorum. In a statement, Senate minority leader Herman Baertschiger, Jr. said, "Instead of referring this legislation to let the people decide, the Democrats are willfully ignoring 26 counties and one district, representing nearly 2 million Oregonians that have signed proclamations against cap and trade, to push their agenda.” Senate majority leader Ginny Burdick (D) wrote, "I am infuriated that Republicans are walking off the job while collecting a salary, receiving benefits, and even a daily per diem. ... We must acknowledge the walkout for what it is: subversion of democracy and a dereliction of duty. To call walking out on your oath of office 'leadership' is insulting."

The final day of the legislative session was March 8. On March 5, Senate President Peter Courtney (D) and House Speaker Tina Kotek (D) adjourned their respective chambers early due to the lack of quorum. On March 8, Republicans returned to the Senate, ending the walkout without the passage of SB 1530.

On March 10, Gov. Kate Brown (D) signed Executive Order No. 20-04 on greenhouse gas emissions, which, according to Jurist's M. Tyler Gillet, "largely imposes the same measures that the senate bill would have achieved." Brown's office said the legislature was "incapable of acting ... and that the executive branch is the only branch capable of acting on climate."

2019

Oregon

See also: 2019 Oregon legislative session

Party in control of chamber: Democratic Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 20

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 - 11

Topic being considered at time of walkout: HB 2020 cap-and-trade legislation

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation killed

On June 20, 2019, the 11 Republican members of the Oregon State Senate did not come to a scheduled legislative session amid disagreements on a cap-and-trade climate bill. Democrats held 18 seats, two short of the 20 members needed for quorum. In a statement following the walkout, Republicans said they believed the bill should be referred to the ballot rather than decided by the legislature.

Gov. Kate Brown (D) directed state police to find the Republican senators and bring them back to the capitol. In response, the Republican senators traveled to Idaho and Montana, out of the state police's jurisdiction. Brown said she would not negotiate with Republicans until they returned to the capitol to conduct legislative business.

On June 25, 2019, Senate President Peter Courtney announced that Democrats did not have the votes in order to pass HB 2020. The Republican senators returned to the capitol on June 29, 2019, ending the state legislative walkout after nine days.

2011

Indiana

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 67

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 40 - 60

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Right-to-work legislation

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation killed

In February 2011, 37 Democratic members of the Indiana House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent the passage of right-to-work legislation. Leaders said they would not return unless the governor and speaker promised that the legislation would not be brought to the floor during the remainder of the legislative session. Republicans held 60 seats, seven short of the 67 members needed for quorum.

Gov. Mitch Daniels (R) did not request that state police find and return the absent lawmakers, saying that acting on such contentious legislation could potentially impact the rest of his legislative agenda. The Democratic caucus remained in Urbana, Illinois, for the duration of the walkout.

The walkout ended after six weeks, with House Speaker Brian Bosma (R) and House Minority Leader Patrick Bauer (D) agreeing to remove three of 12 disputed bills from the legislative calendar.

Wisconsin

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 22

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 14 - 19

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Right-to-work legislation

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Legislation passed

In February 2011, 14 Democratic members of the Wisconsin State Senate did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent a vote on right-to-work legislation. The walkout came amidst protests by 25,000 people at the state capitol over the legislation. Republicans held 19 seats, three short of the 22 members needed for quorum on legislation with fiscal implications.

Wisconsin Senate Republicans ordered the arrest of the absent lawmakers, issuing warrants and giving state police the authority to detain and return the senators. The Democratic caucus remained in Illinois for the duration of the walkout, out of the state police's jurisdiction.

The walkout ended after five weeks when Republicans removed fiscal provisions from the right-to-work legislation to lower the quorum needed for a vote and pass the legislation. The Democrats returned three days after the legislation passed.

2003

Texas

See also: Redistricting in Texas

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 21 (Senate), 100 (House)

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 11 - 20 (Senate), 52 - 98 (House)

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Congressional redistricting plan

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Redistricting plan passed

In May 2003, 11 Democratic members of the Texas State Senate and 51 Democratic members of the Texas House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session to prevent the passage of a redistricting plan they claimed would have benefited Republicans. In the Senate, Republicans held 20 seats, one short of the 21 members needed for quorum. Republicans held 98 seats in the House, two short of the 100 needed for quorum.

Gov. Rick Perry (R) directed the Texas Rangers to find the missing lawmakers and return them to the capitol. The Democratic state senators went to Albuquerque, New Mexico, out of the Rangers' jurisdiction. They remained in Albuquerque for 46 days. The Democratic representatives went to Ardmore, Oklahoma, where they remained for a week.

The Democratic senators spent the entirety of the 30-day session related to redistricting out of state. Thirty-six days after the walkout began, state Sen. John Whitmire returned to the chamber and quorum was reached. The state Senate approved the Congressional redistricting plan. The state House approved the redistricting plan following the return of the chamber's Democrats.

2001

Oregon

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 40

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 27 - 32 - 1

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Congressional redistricting plan

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Redistricting plan killed

In June 2001, 25 Democratic members of the Oregon House of Representatives did not come to a scheduled legislative session in order to prevent Republicans from passing their redistricting plan as a resolution, rather than a bill. A resolution, unlike a bill, would not have been subject to a veto by Democratic Gov. John Kitzhaber. Republicans held 32 seats, eight short of the 40 members needed for quorum.

Democrats ignored summons to return to the capitol, staying away for five days. By the time they returned, it was too late for Republicans to pass the resolution due to the redistricting deadline on June 30. Because the deadline was not met, the task fell to Democratic Secretary of State Bill Bradbury.

1924

Rhode Island

Party in control of chamber: Republican Party

Legislators needed for quorum: 20

Partisan balance at time of walkout: 18 - 22

Topic being considered at time of walkout: Constitutional convention proposal

Status of walkout: Ended

Resolution: Constitutional convention proposal killed

In June 1924, the Democratic minority in the Rhode Island State Senate refused to vote on an annual appropriations bill unless Republicans agreed to pass a referendum allowing for a constitutional convention. Lt. Gov. Felix Toupin, also serving as Senate President, refused to recognize any Republicans attempting to make motions on the floor unless it was a motion to call for a constitutional convention. In response, the chamber's 22 Republicans left the state and went to Rutland, Massachusetts, where they stayed for six months. Republican victories in the 1924 elections ended the dispute.

Quorum requirements by state

The table below shows quorum requirements for official business to be conducted in state legislatures as laid out in state constitutions. In many states, there are statutory requirements for quorum if a bill involves taxes or state finances. Those requirements are not reflected in this table.

Of the 50 states, 45 states require a majority of legislators present for quorum. Four states require two-thirds of legislators be present for quorum. Massachusetts requires two-fifths of state senators or three-eighths of state representatives to be present for quorum.

Quorum requirements by state
State	Legislators required	State	Legislators required
Alabama	1/2	Montana	1/2
Alaska	1/2	Nebraska	1/2
Arizona	1/2	Nevada	1/2
Arkansas	1/2	New Hampshire	1/2
California	1/2	New Jersey	1/2
Colorado	1/2	New Mexico	1/2
Connecticut	1/2	New York	1/2
Delaware	1/2	North Carolina	1/2
Florida	1/2	North Dakota	1/2
Georgia	1/2	Ohio	1/2
Hawaii	1/2	Oklahoma	1/2
Idaho	1/2	Oregon	2/3
Illinois	1/2	Pennsylvania	1/2
Indiana	2/3	Rhode Island	1/2
Iowa	1/2	South Carolina	1/2
Kansas	1/2	South Dakota	1/2
Kentucky	1/2	Tennessee	2/3
Louisiana	1/2	Texas	2/3
Maine	1/2	Utah	1/2
Maryland	1/2	Vermont	1/2
Massachusetts	Senate: 2/5 House: 3/8	Virginia	1/2
Michigan	1/2	Washington	1/2
Minnesota	1/2	West Virginia	1/2
Mississippi	1/2	Wisconsin	1/2
Missouri	1/2	Wyoming	1/2

Noteworthy events

Oregon approves ballot measure seeking to limit legislative walkouts (November 2022)

See also: Oregon Measure 113, Exclusion from Re-election for Legislative Absenteeism Initiative (2022)

On November 8, 2022, Oregon voters approved Measure 113, which disqualifies legislators from re-election following the end of their term if they are absent from 10 legislative floor sessions without permission or excuse. Oregon Public Broadcasting's Dirk VanderHart wrote that Measure 113 "was conceived as a way to get around Oregon’s constitutional quorum requirement, which requires two-thirds of lawmakers in a chamber to be present in order to conduct business . . . The two-thirds quorum rule has allowed a 'nuclear' option that both parties have used in the past to buck legislation they found particularly toxic. By refusing to attend floor sessions — and often leaving the state to avoid being corralled by Oregon State Police — lawmakers in the minority have successfully stymied bills."

State constitutional articles governing state legislatures

State constitutions are responsible for laying out the quorum requirements for that state legislature. You can view those provisions by state by clicking the links below.

Article IV, Alabama Constitution Article II, Alaska Constitution Article 4, Arizona Constitution Article 5, Arkansas Constitution Article IV, California Constitution Article V, Colorado Constitution Article III, Connecticut Constitution Article II, Delaware Constitution Article III, Florida Constitution Article III, Georgia Constitution Article III, Hawaii Constitution Article III, Idaho Constitution Article IV, Illinois Constitution Article 4, Indiana Constitution Article III, Iowa Constitution Article 2, Kansas Constitution The Legislative Department, Kentucky Constitution Article III, Louisiana Constitution

Maine: Article IV, Part First, Article IV, Part Second, and Article IV, Part Third Article III, Maryland Constitution Chapter 1, Massachusetts Constitution Article IV, Michigan Constitution Article IV, Minnesota Constitution Article IV, Mississippi Constitution Article III, Missouri Constitution Article V, Montana Constitution Article III, Nebraska Constitution Article 4, Nevada Constitution House of Representatives, New Hampshire Constitution Senate, New Hampshire Constitution Article IV, New Jersey Constitution Article IV, New Mexico Constitution Article III, New York Constitution Article II, North Carolina Constitution Article IV, North Dakota Constitution

Article II, Ohio Constitution Article V, Oklahoma Constitution Article IV, Oregon Constitution Article II, Pennsylvania Constitution Article VI, Rhode Island Constitution Article III, South Carolina Constitution Article III, South Dakota Constitution Article II, Tennessee Constitution Article 3, Sections 1-43, Texas Constitution Article VI, Utah Constitution Legislative Department, Vermont Constitution Article IV, Virginia Constitution Article II, Washington State Constitution Article VI, West Virginia Constitution Article IV, Wisconsin Constitution Article 3, Wyoming Constitution

See also

• State legislatures
• State senates
• State houses
• Unique chamber leadership arrangements in state legislatures, 1994-Present
• Veto overrides in state legislatures