Study also replicates findings of increased reporting of headaches & upper respiratory symptoms during red tide blooms
A recent study published by the Roskamp Institute and GCOOS in the peer-reviewed journal Harmful Algae provides new evidence that red tide exposure can have neurological impacts — suggesting for the first time that certain individuals are susceptible to airborne exposure from red tide blooms.
In particular, individuals with a previous history of migraine or chronic fatigue syndrome, extreme fatigue that worsens with physical and mental activity, are more likely to have symptoms that have previously only been associated with eating seafood contaminated with red tide toxins. However, participants in this study had only been exposed to red tide toxins in the air.
Prior to the study, it was well-known that eating red tide toxin contaminated shellfish produces an illness called neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) which causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness and tingling, dizziness, headache and a reversal of hot and cold sensations. Even though volunteers had not eaten contaminated shellfish, some reported symptoms similar to NSP. Among individuals who experienced NSP-like symptoms, more tended to have a previous medical history of migraine or chronic fatigue syndrome.
Although respiratory symptoms are well-documented during red tide blooms, neurological aspects have not been examined in large populations. This study, conducted in more than 250 community volunteers from Sarasota, Manatee, Lee, Charlotte and Collier counties, showed that neurological symptoms were common during a red tide bloom. Not surprisingly, the more severe the red tide bloom the more volunteers were likely to report respiratory symptoms. When neurological symptoms were reported, they usually occured at the same time volunteers experienced respiratory symptoms.
“During previous studies looking at how red tide toxins affected lung function, study participants sometimes reported headaches and we thought it was important to investigate this further,” said Dr. Laila Abdullah, Research Scientist at the Roskamp Institute and lead author of the paper Exposure-response relationship between K. brevis blooms and reporting of upper respiratory and neurotoxin-associated symptoms.
“Building on previous findings, we found that migraine sufferers reported headaches during red tide blooms. However, we did not expect that people would report NSP-like symptoms,” she said. “Our study also indicates that repeated airborne exposures in otherwise healthy people can also make them more sensitive to red tide.”
One key question about red tide impacts on human health is why individuals respond so differently, said Roskamp Institute Executive Director Dr. Michael Mullan, a physician and research scientist. “Different people respond to the toxins in different ways — from not being affected at all to experiencing a range of severe symptoms,” he said. “We don’t understand why that is the case nor do we know the dose levels of toxins that are needed to cause neurological symptoms. There is still much to understand about this toxin and the levels of threat it poses to human brain health.”
Study co-author Dr. Barbara Kirkpatrick, GCOOS Senior Advisor, was one of the lead researchers on the early studies of red tide and human health, including a study published in 2007 that found people with chronic lung diseases were impacted by airborne red tide toxins, said this research is a continuation in gaining a fuller picture of the human health impacts of red tide. “Our work on the human-health impacts of red tide led to our development of the Red Tide Respiratory Forecast [redtideforecast.com], which helps people know which beaches could have red tide impacts throughout the day and lets them know when the best time to visit a particular beach will be. These latest findings indicate that there is much more for us to discover about how humans are impacted by red tide, and we’re hoping to continue building upon this work in future studies.”
Roskamp Institute CEO Fiona Crawford said that as a nonprofit organization dedicated to understanding the brain and finding treatments for brain disorders, the Institute is committed to continuing red tide neurological research. “More than three-quarters of Floridians live along our coasts, and more new residents are moving here every day. Harmful algal blooms like Florida’s red tide are predicted to become more frequent and longer lasting as our climate undergoes changes, and it is important to understand how our brains are impacted by red tides and what we can do to mitigate any risks they may pose.”
This study was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).
Citation and Authors
Abdullah, L., Ferguson, S., Niedospial, D., Patterson, D., Oberlin, S., Nkiliza, A., Bartenfelder, G., Hahn-Townsend, C., Parks, M., Crawford, F., Reich, A., Keegan, A., Kirkpatrick, B., Mullan, M. 2022. Exposure-response relationship between K. brevis blooms and reporting of upper respiratory and neurotoxin-associated symptoms. Harmful Algae, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102286.
Additional Reading
Fleming, L.E., Kirkpatrick, B., Backer, L.C., Bean, J.A., Wanner, A., Reich, A., Zaias, J.,
Cheng, Y.S., Pierce, R., Naar, J., Abraham, W.M., Baden, D.G., 2007. Aerosolized red-tide toxins (brevetoxins) and asthma. Chest 131 (1), 187–194. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012369215498988
Diaz, R.E., Friedman, M.A., Jin, D., Beet, A., Kirkpatrick, B., Reich, A., Kirkpatrick, G.,Ullmann, S.G., Fleming, L.E., Hoagland, P., 2019. Neurological illnesses associated with Florida red tide (Karenia brevis) blooms. Harmful Algae 82, 73–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30928012/
The Roskamp Institute is on a mission of discovery to lessen the burden of those suffering with neurological disorders. We conduct scientific research on neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, Gulf War illness, and red tide, with the goal of identifying better treatments and diagnostics, serve patients and their families in our full-service neurology clinic, and educate the next generation of scientists through our Ph.D. program. For more information, call 941.752.2949 or visit RoskampInstitute.org
